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First and Second Quarter Results for Serotyping of Salmonellae from Meat and Poultry Products:
January–June 2007
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All tables and figures are available
as an attachment to this document (PDF Only).
Background
The Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS) issued the Pathogen
Reduction; Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point (PR/HACCP) Systems,
Final Rule on July 25, 1996: Federal Register, Vol. 61, No. 144,
pp. 38805-38989 (http://www.fsis.usda.gov/OPPDE/rdad/
FRPubs/93-016F.pdf, PDF Only). The PR/HACCP rule sets Salmonella
performance standards for establishments that slaughter or produce selected classes
of food animals or raw ground products. Under PR/HACCP, performance standards were
established for carcasses of cows/bulls, steers/heifers, market hogs, and broilers and
ground beef, ground chicken, and ground turkey based on nationwide microbiological
baseline studies conducted before the rule was implemented. In June 2006, FSIS began
sampling turkey carcasses for Salmonella. Guidance on turkey carcass levels can be found
in the Federal Register, Vol. 70, No. 32, pp. 8058-8060 (http://www.fsis.usda.gov/OPPDE/rdad/FRPubs/02-046N.htm
| PDF).
Prior to 2006, there were two phases of the FSIS regulatory program
for Salmonella in raw products: non-targeted and targeted
testing. Non-targeted or "A" set samples were collected at establishments
randomly selected from the population of eligible establishments with
a goal of scheduling every eligible establishment at least once a
year. Other codes (such as "B", "C", and "D") represented sample sets
collected from establishments targeted for follow-up testing following
a failed set. FSIS replaced the targeted/non-targeted approach with
risk-based scheduling in 2006. The Serotype data here are from all
sample sets.
In February 2006, FSIS announced in the Federal Register, Vol. 71,
No. 38, pp. 9772-9777, (http://www.fsis.usda.gov/Frame/FrameRedirect.asp?main=
http://www.fsis.usda.gov/OPPDE/rdad/FRPubs/04-026N.htm | PDF) that quarterly
results from Salmonella verification testing would be posted
and that the Agency would provide individual test results to establishments
before completion of a set. The Agency has published quarterly Salmonella
results since 2006 (http://www.fsis.usda.gov/Science/
Q1_2007_Salmonella_Testing/index.asp;
http://www.fsis.usda.gov/Science/
Q2_2007_Salmonella_Testing/index.asp).
In June 2006, FSIS developed new criteria for scheduling establishments
(http://www.fsis.usda.gov/Science/
Scheduling_Criteria_Salmonella_Sets/index.asp |
PDF) that are risk-based and designed to focus FSIS resources
on establishments that have the most samples positive for Salmonella
and the greatest number of samples with serotypes most frequently
associated with human salmonellosis as defined by the Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dbmd/phlisdata/salmonella.htm).
Establishments are no longer randomly selected under the new criteria.
The collection of serotype data is not designed for trend analysis.
One of the goals of the revised risk-based program is to identify
the source of serotypes of the greatest human health concern and to
report those findings directly to establishments as they become available.
FSIS also now ensures that all pathogens of public health concern
are identified regarding both their subtype (serotype and PFGE pattern)
and their drug resistance profiles.
Results
The number of isolates of each serotype, the percent of isolates out
of total positive, and the percent of isolates of total samples collected
are displayed in Tables 1-8 (January through March of the 1st Quarter)
and Tables 9-16 (April through June of the 2nd Quarter).
The ten most commonly isolated serotypes for each product class during
each quarter are identified by name. Less commonly identified serotypes
are included in the "other serotypes" category. When there is more
than one serotype in tenth place, all serotypes in tenth place are
listed.
The tables include entries classified as "unidentified" isolates.
A single, specific serotype could not be determined for these isolates.
Tables 8 and
16 show serotype data for turkey carcasses.
Turkey carcass testing began in the 2nd quarter of 2006.
Figures 1-8 display the percent of isolates identified out of total
isolates serotyped for each product class by quarter from July 2005
forward for the top eight serotypes associated with human illness
in 2006 (for consistency in the graphs, data collected prior to the
2006 revisions was updated to include results from all sets) (http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/
mm5614a4.htm?s_cid=mm5614a4_e).
For Figures 1-8, the y-axis, representing the serotype percentage,
varies from graph to graph because the level of different serotypes
by commodity varies greatly and year-to-year variations in percentages
are difficult to discern on one scale of high value.
Limitations
FSIS can not determine how the revised Salmonella testing program
affects the distribution of serotypes from positive samples. Thus,
comparisons of results from 2006 onward to previous years are inappropriate.
Similarly, the changes to the verification program prevent valid comparisons
of testing results over time (e.g., quarter-to quarter or year-to-year
trends). For such comparisons, the results of upcoming nationwide
baseline studies can be used to provide valid estimates of the prevalence
of certain pathogens of public health concern and permit valid statistical
comparisons to be made over time. A 12-month Young Chicken (Broiler)
Baseline Study is currently in progress, and additional baseline studies
are under development.
Salmonella verification testing is conducted to establish
regulatory compliance (http://www.fsis.usda.gov/Science/
Scheduling_Criteria_Salmonella_Sets/index.asp |
PDF),
not to establish prevalence of either Salmonella or specific
serotypes of Salmonella. Data reported here are not intended
to be reflective of national trends in prevalence of serotypes.
Tables and Figures (PDF Only) |
Last Modified:
January 11, 2008 |
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